There are no standard stages for tracheobronchial tumors, so doctors must diagnose each one on a case-by-case basis. Doctors also grade the cancer to determine how quickly it will spread and affect other organs. Low-grade cancers are closely related to normal cells while high-grade cancers are very different. Tracheobronchial tumors may be found during a routine physical exam or during a cancer biopsy.
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Although the occurrence of tracheobronchial tumors in children is relatively rare, most of these cancers are malignant. The most common types are carcinoid, squamous cell, and mucoepidermoid. Although there are benign tracheobronchial tumors as well, they usually involve the mesenchymal tissue of the tracheobronchial tree.
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Symptoms vary from person to case, depending on the size and pathology of the tumor. A benign tumor may present as a polypoid or sessile lesion, with an eccentric narrowing of the airway lumen. The walls of the airway may thicken, and the tumor may invade the mediastinum through direct extension or lymphatic spread. Most benign tracheobronchial tumors show high FDG uptake on x-ray and PET scans.
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For large tracheal tumors, doctors may perform a procedure called bronchoscopic surgery. This procedure involves passing a thin lighted tube through the trachea. Surgical instruments are then inserted through the bronchoscope and used to remove the tumor. This procedure usually doesn't cause discomfort and is permanent. Depending on the size of the tumor, other treatments may be necessary.
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The most common symptom is cough, which may be blood-tinged. Other symptoms may include difficulty swallowing and labored breathing. Some patients may experience vocal hoarseness or stridor, a high-pitched noise produced by disrupted airflow. For some patients, the tumor may be completely occluded, in which case a bronchoscopy may be necessary.
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Although the majority of primary tracheal tumors are malignant, less than one percent of them are benign. Approximately 80% of tracheal tumors are adenoid cystic or squamous cell carcinoma. Only 10% are circumferential. Despite the high prevalence, the incidence is significantly lower than for laryngitis. Males are more likely to develop tracheobronchial cancer than females, and it reaches its peak incidence in the fifth or sixth decade of life. There are many benign neoplasms, including papillomatosis and smooth marginated adenomas.
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In addition to malignant tracheobronchial tumors, benign tracheal tumors can also cause respiratory complications. In addition to blockages of the tracheal lumen, these tumors may cause difficulty in swallowing, hoarseness, and difficulty breathing. Advanced disease can also result in difficulty breathing or hoarseness, and may lead to recurrent pneumonia.
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Tracheobronchial tumors may be caused by a variety of conditions, including smoking. If caught early, the tumor may be cured or completely removed. Treatments for tracheal cancer are dependent on the stage, grade, and extent of the tumor, and are individualized for each patient. However, the good news is that the cancer is completely curable in ten percent of cases.
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The most common form of tracheobronchial cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. Adenoendothelial carcinoma is the most common type of tracheal cancer, and accounts for around 10% of head and neck cancers. Other types include adenoid cystic carcinoma, papillomas, and hemangiomas. Men are more likely to develop a tracheal tumour than women.
