Retinoblastoma is the most common childhood malignancy and it is diagnosed in up to 90% of children by age three. Most cases are unilateral but can occur bilaterally. The most common presenting symptom is leukocoria, a white patch on the retina visible in photographs. About 30 percent to 40% of cases have a germline mutation in the RB1 gene, which is associated with an increased risk for nonocular tumors. Ten-year survival is high in resource-rich countries. In resource-poor countries, survival is much lower, and patients typically have extraocular extension or metastatic disease.
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Other retinoblastoma symptoms include a white pupil (leukocoria), which is a white reflection of the retina. However, this symptom may not necessarily be an indicator of retinoblastoma. A proper diagnosis is important to prevent further damage. Another symptom is crossed eye, where the pupil turns to the nose or ear. During an examination, an ophthalmologist may notice a white or cloudy part of the eye.
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If it is detected early, retinoblastoma can be effectively treated and even cured if caught early. In some cases, it has spread to other parts of the eye or the brain. In such a case, aggressive treatment may be necessary. However, treatment can be more effective if the cancer has not spread. This is especially true for the later-stage disease, which may require surgery.
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The prognosis of a child with retinoblastoma is good. Treatments are determined by the location and size of the tumor. If the cancer is contained within the eye, the prognosis is 95 percent. However, if the disease has spread to the eye, the survival rate decreases. For this reason, early detection may greatly improve treatment options. In addition to treatment, frequent checkups are necessary to detect the return of the cancer.
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A child who has a family history of this type of cancer may also have a hereditary gene mutation that makes him susceptible to this form of cancer. If the mutation occurs in the RB1 gene, it is passed from parent to child. If it occurs in the sperm or egg before conception, it may affect more than one eye. If a child has a mutation in the RB1 gene, he or she may develop retinoblastoma.
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Retinoblastoma is a rare type of cancer that begins in the retina, which is located at the back of the eye. Symptoms of the disease include vomiting, appetite loss, and headache. Some patients with the disease may also have tumors in their pineal gland. Additionally, patients with the disease may also develop osteosarcoma, an abnormal growth of bone in the extremities.
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Retinoblastoma is a hereditary cancer. People with this disease have a 50% chance of inheriting a mutation from one parent. Those with this mutation are more likely to develop the disease in both eyes. Those with hereditary retinoblastoma have a greater risk of developing other types of cancers in the future. Children with hereditary retinoblastoma are more susceptible to osteosarcoma and childhood brain tumors than are children without this disorder.
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While RB1 gene mutations are heritable, they are rare in children. Retinoblastoma is an abnormality of one cell of the retina that results from RB1 gene mutations. This gene is changed in the eye of an affected child. Heritable retinoblastoma usually affects both eyes, while a non-heritable form occurs in one eye only.
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Diagnosis for retinoblastoma is often difficult because symptoms are similar to those of other eye conditions. In many cases, children with this cancer can be treated successfully with chemotherapy. However, if it spreads beyond the eyeball, it becomes more difficult to treat. As such, early detection is essential. And treatment options are often more aggressive once it has spread outside the eyeball.
