Treatment for retinoblastoma depends on the size and location of the tumour. There are several staging systems for this cancer. Intraocular disease refers to cancer located inside the eye, not in surrounding tissues. Extraocular disease refers to cancer that has spread outside the eye. If the cancer has spread outside the eye, it is known as extraocular retinoblastoma.
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Retinoblastoma is an eye cancer that starts in the retina, a thin layer of nerve tissue at the back of the eye. It is responsible for sensing light and forming images. Much like the film in a camera, the retina sends these images to the brain for processing. Retinoblastoma symptoms include vomiting, appetite loss, and headache. The first stage of the disease is usually diagnosed by surgery, with the child under general anesthesia.
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If the disease has spread to bone marrow, doctors will order a bone marrow aspiration to determine the extent of the disease. The doctor will use a needle to collect the fluid and examine it under a microscope. If the complete blood count is abnormal, the child will also undergo a hearing test. The newborn hearing screen may serve as a baseline. MRI can also help identify tumors outside the eye.
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Other symptoms of retinoblastoma include white pupil, leukocoria, and strabismus. Light shining into the pupil can also be a sign of retinoblastoma. A doctor may also notice a white-colored reflection in the center of the pupil. All of these symptoms can be symptoms of retinoblastoma.
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Retinoblastoma symptomically affects the retina and eyeball. The disease typically develops in children before the age of three. Children may develop it unilaterally or bilaterally, but the most common presenting sign is a white pupil. A white pupil reflects light against the tumor's white surface. In rare cases, the tumor has spread to other parts of the head, brain, spine, and even distant parts of the body.
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Depending on where the disease is located, retinoblastoma has a good prognosis if detected early. Treatment options vary widely, depending on the stage of the disease, the child's age, and other factors. Treatment is best if the tumor has not spread beyond the eyeball. If the tumor has spread outside of the eye, treatment becomes much more difficult.
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If your retinoblastoma has spread to the eye, intravitreal chemotherapy may be an option. It may require several treatments spaced several weeks apart. External radiation therapy is sometimes added to the chemotherapy regimen. External radiation therapy is often used for this cancer if the patient has hereditary retinoblastoma, as recurrence is more likely. In either case, chemotherapy can shrink the tumor in both eyes, which may save one's vision.
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Retinoblastoma is hereditary, resulting from a mutation in the RB1 gene. The inherited form typically involves multiple tumors in both eyes, while the non-inherited form is characterized by a single tumor in one eye. Interestingly, people with hereditary retinoblastoma are at a higher risk for developing other types of cancers in other parts of the body. They are more likely to develop osteosarcoma, bone cancer, and brain tumors in other areas.
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Children with this disease may experience a variety of side effects, including a severe loss of vision. Treatment should be initiated as soon as possible, as early detection improves the prognosis. In addition to chemotherapy, children who have retinal dystrophy may be eligible for clinical trials. However, it is important to remember that after treatment, a child with retinoblastoma should continue to be monitored by their doctor.
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A physical examination and imaging tests may be required for diagnosis. A doctor may use magnifying lenses to examine the retina, and may perform this procedure under general anesthesia. They may also recommend imaging tests, including MRI, CAT scan, and spinal taps. However, genetic testing is not appropriate for every child with this disease. A doctor will discuss the options with you and your child's genetic test.
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Hereditary retinoblastoma occurs in both eyes. The disease is inherited and often occurs at an earlier age. Patients may develop tumors in both eyes at different times. For this reason, doctors may choose to perform multiple eye examinations for children with hereditary retinoblastoma during their first year of life. If the tumors develop in both eyes, continued examinations are important for early detection.
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Chemotherapy is another treatment option for this condition. This treatment involves sending drugs through the body to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be given in pill form or through a blood vessel. It can shrink the tumor and make it more responsive to other treatments. Laser therapy is another option to cut off the tumor's source of nutrients. If left untreated, retinoblastoma can spread to other parts of the body, and it can become life-threatening.
