Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of diseases that disrupt the normal production of blood cells. Normally, blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and eventually die in the blood. People with MDS have low or immature blood cells. Low levels of healthy blood cells cause symptoms such as bleeding, infection, and anemia. People with this condition should seek medical attention if they experience these symptoms.
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Treatment for myelodysplastic syndromes varies, depending on the type of the syndrome and the severity of symptoms. Treatments range from transfusions to drug therapy and sometimes even bone marrow transplants. While there is no cure for this disease, treatments can ease symptoms and help control the disease. PDQ summaries are not official policy statements from the National Cancer Institute. The summary below provides current information on treatments for myelodysplastic syndromes. It is intended for patients and their families, and does not represent formal guidelines for treatment.
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Smokers are at a higher risk for developing this disease. Heavy exposure to chemicals and radiation treatments is also known to increase the risk of developing MDS. Other factors may also lead to MDS, such as being overweight or being a smoker. In addition, exposure to certain chemicals and heavy metals may cause the condition. Understanding these risks will help identify MDS early. The symptoms of MDS may be subtle or nonexistent, or they may appear as sudden as a sudden bout of vomiting.
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The symptoms of MDS vary from one type to another, and it is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible. In some cases, the condition may lead to leukemia. However, in most cases, patients with this disease will live for several years. There are also rare cases where RARS degenerates into acute myeloid leukemia. If symptoms persist for a prolonged period of time, however, the patient may live a normal life with no treatment.
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The type of MDS that a patient may develop is often related to the amount of red blood cells in their bodies. There are four main types of MDS. One is associated with a low level of red blood cells, while another has abnormally low platelet count. In both cases, the symptoms of MDS are related to DNA changes in the blood cells. The condition is often accompanied by anemia.
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MDS symptoms vary from person to person, but the most common symptom of MDS is fatigue. Fatigue can accompany anemia, which causes the person to feel tired and need to sleep more. Other symptoms include weakness, lightheadedness, pale skin, palpitations, and irritability. Similarly, low levels of platelets and white blood cells may result in excessive bruising and bleeding. Occasionally, bleeding may be so severe that blood in the stools has blood clots and can lead to petechial hemorrhages.
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People with MDS may also develop symptoms if they have received cancer treatment. This is called therapy-related MDS and is more likely to progress into acute myeloid leukemia. Doctors usually determine the diagnosis of MDS through bone marrow and blood tests. A blood test called a peripheral blood smear will reveal the type of MDS your body is experiencing. Your doctor will also order tests of the blood to check for abnormalities.
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In order to diagnose MDS, your doctor will first run a blood test to check your blood count and look for signs of infection. A complete blood count with differential will reveal the amount of red and white blood cells in your blood. These tests will also show any inflammation of the organs. A bone marrow biopsy is another test doctors may use to diagnose the disease. When it is abnormal, the doctor will remove a small piece of bone marrow to check the condition more closely.
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Myelodysplastic syndromes are often misdiagnosed. However, these blood disorders may be the first step towards developing leukemia. In fact, some people with MDS go on to develop AML. However, doctors no longer refer to MDS as preleukemia, due to evidence that other conditions, gene changes, and other diseases can increase the risk of leukemia. While this may be the case, MDS affects blood-cell levels and requires treatment.
